Cleopatra VII, the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt

 Cleopatra VII, the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, remains a figure of fascination not only for her political acumen and relationships with powerful Roman figures but also for her remarkable intellect and broad range of knowledge. Ascending to the throne at just 17 years old, she ruled for over two decades, dying at 39. Her legacy is further enriched by her mastery of multiple languages and her deep engagement with various fields of study.

Linguistic Proficiency

Cleopatra’s linguistic abilities were exceptional for her time. She was fluent in nine languages, a skill that allowed her to communicate effectively with diverse cultures and peoples throughout her empire. Among these, her command of Ancient Egyptian and her ability to read hieroglyphics set her apart from many of her predecessors in the Ptolemaic line, who primarily spoke Greek. This connection to her Egyptian heritage was crucial in her efforts to align herself with her subjects and establish legitimacy as a ruler.

Fields of Study

Cleopatra’s pursuit of knowledge extended beyond languages. She immersed herself in a variety of academic disciplines:

1. Geography: Understanding the lands and cultures surrounding her was vital for diplomatic relations and military strategy.

2. History: Studying past rulers and their strategies would have informed her own decisions and governance.

3. Astronomy: An awareness of celestial movements and their implications was important for navigation and agricultural cycles.

4. International Diplomacy: Cleopatra was adept at navigating the complex political landscapes of her time, forming alliances with figures like Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.

5. Mathematics and Economics: Mastery of these subjects was essential for managing the kingdom’s resources and ensuring its prosperity.

6. Alchemy and Medicine: Cleopatra’s interest in alchemy not only reflected a scientific curiosity but also a desire to explore health and wellness, particularly through herbal remedies.

7. Zoology: Her understanding of animals could have influenced her interests in exotic pets, which were symbols of wealth and power.

The Ancient Laboratory

Cleopatra’s intellectual pursuits often led her to an ancient laboratory, where she engaged in practical experimentation with herbs and cosmetics. This hands-on approach to knowledge allowed her to create remedies that addressed various ailments and enhanced beauty. Her works on these subjects showcased her innovative spirit and practical application of her extensive knowledge.

Legacy of Her Writings

Unfortunately, much of Cleopatra’s written work was lost in the catastrophic fire at the Great Library of Alexandria in 391 AD, a tragedy that obliterated countless texts and artifacts from antiquity. However, some remnants of her knowledge survived through the works of later scholars, most notably the famous physician Galen. He studied her remedies and managed to transcribe several recipes, contributing to the preservation of her legacy.

One Notable Remedy

Among the remedies attributed to Cleopatra, one stood out: a preparation believed to enhance skin health and beauty. This remedy, comprised of natural ingredients, showcased her knowledge of botany and alchemical practices. Galen recommended this particular concoction to his patients, underscoring its perceived efficacy. It often included:

Honey: Known for its moisturizing and antibacterial properties.

Milk: Valued for its lactic acid, which is beneficial for exfoliating and softening the skin.

Various Herbs: Such as chamomile and rosemary, both praised for their soothing and healing effects.

This combination not only exemplified Cleopatra’s innovative approach to health and beauty but also illustrated her commitment to using natural resources for well-being.

Conclusion

Cleopatra's intellectual legacy is as compelling as her political and romantic life. Her multifaceted education, coupled with her linguistic skills and practical applications in fields like medicine and cosmetics, highlights her as a pioneering figure of her time. Although much of her work was tragically lost, her influence persists through the fragments that survived, reflecting a ruler who was not only a political strategist but also a seeker of knowledge and innovation in the ancient world.

Ancient History

Sigiriya: The Eighth Wonder of the World

 

Sigiriya: The Eighth Wonder of the World

Introduction

Perched atop a remarkable 200-meter-high geological formation known as Lion’s Rock, Sigiriya is one of Sri Lanka's most iconic archaeological sites. Often referred to as the "Eighth Wonder of the World," this ancient rock fortress is not only a testament to the ingenuity of its creators but also a marvel of artistry, architecture, and landscape design.

Historical Background

1. Origins and Construction: Sigiriya was built during the reign of King Kashyapa I in the 5th century CE. The king, who usurped the throne from his father, sought refuge in this formidable fortress to protect himself from enemies and assert his power. The construction of Sigiriya began as a royal citadel but evolved into a grand palace complex featuring extensive gardens, sophisticated water management systems, and intricate murals.

2. Cultural Significance: The site is steeped in myth and legend. According to ancient texts, it is believed to be the site where the mythical figure of Ravana, from the Ramayana, once ruled. This rich tapestry of history and mythology adds layers of significance to Sigiriya, making it a focal point for both local and international interest.

Architectural Features

1. The Lion’s Gate: At the base of the rock, visitors are greeted by the Lion’s Gate, a monumental entrance that once featured a colossal lion statue. Though much of the lion’s body has eroded over time, its paws still remain, hinting at the grandeur that once marked the entrance to the royal domain. This striking gateway serves as a powerful symbol of the majesty of the fortress.

2. The Mirror Wall: Ascending the rock, one encounters the Mirror Wall, originally coated with polished white plaster that reflected the images of the palace and its surroundings. The wall is adorned with ancient graffiti, dating back to the time when visitors would leave their thoughts and poems, providing a unique glimpse into the cultural context of the era.

3. Frescoes: Perhaps the most captivating aspect of Sigiriya is its stunning frescoes, which adorn the western face of the rock. These paintings depict celestial maidens, or "Apsaras," elegantly poised in a dance, capturing the beauty and grace of the feminine form. The vivid colors and intricate details of the frescoes have remarkably survived centuries of weathering, showcasing the artistic mastery of the time.

4. The Summit: At the summit of Lion’s Rock lies the remains of the royal citadel, complete with foundations of palatial buildings, pools, and gardens. The panoramic views from this vantage point reveal the lush landscape of Sri Lanka, underscoring the strategic importance of the location. It is said that the king could see potential threats from miles away, reinforcing the fortress’s role as a defensive stronghold.

The Gardens

1. Water Gardens: The gardens of Sigiriya are considered one of the earliest examples of landscaped gardens in the world. They are characterized by intricate hydraulic systems that included ponds, fountains, and water channels, designed to create a serene and aesthetically pleasing environment. This advanced water management reflects the ingenuity of ancient engineering.

2. Terraced Gardens: The terraced gardens that lead up to the rock fortress are a remarkable feat of landscape architecture. Featuring geometric patterns and meticulously arranged flora, these gardens exemplify the blend of natural beauty and human creativity, enhancing the overall experience of the site.

Archaeological Significance

1. World Heritage Status: Sigiriya was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982, recognizing its cultural, historical, and architectural significance. It serves as a vital link to Sri Lanka’s ancient civilization, providing insight into the life, beliefs, and achievements of its people.

2. Ongoing Research: Archaeological excavations continue to reveal more about the site’s history and significance. Researchers study artifacts, inscriptions, and remnants of structures to gain a deeper understanding of the cultural practices and technological advancements of the era.

Modern Relevance

1. Tourism and Preservation: Today, Sigiriya attracts thousands of visitors each year, drawn by its breathtaking beauty and historical significance. Efforts are underway to preserve the site and maintain its integrity amid the pressures of tourism. Local authorities and conservationists work diligently to protect the ruins and surrounding environment.

2. Cultural Heritage: Sigiriya remains a source of national pride for Sri Lankans, symbolizing their rich heritage and the accomplishments of their ancestors. It is often celebrated in literature, art, and popular culture, reinforcing its status as an enduring icon of Sri Lanka.

Conclusion

The ancient ruins of Sigiriya, standing proudly atop the Lion’s Rock, encapsulate the extraordinary achievements of Sri Lanka’s past. As both a military stronghold and a cultural epicenter, it offers a profound glimpse into the ancient world, characterized by artistic brilliance, architectural innovation, and a deep connection to the landscape. Sigiriya’s status as the "Eighth Wonder of the World" is well-deserved, serving as a reminder of the timeless human spirit that continues to inspire generations. Through its preservation, Sigiriya will remain a vital part of the global cultural heritage, inviting future generations to explore its wonders and mysteries.

Ancient History

Ancient Marine Wonders: Discovery of 37-Million-Year-Old 'Walking Whales' Fossils in Egypt's Desert

 

Ancient Marine Wonders: Discovery of 37-Million-Year-Old 'Walking Whales' Fossils in Egypt's Desert

Deep within Egypt's Sahara Desert, a remarkable discovery has been made: the fossilized remains of ancient whales that roamed the oceans 37 million years ago. Known as the "walking whales" of Egypt, these ancient creatures are revolutionizing our understanding of whale evolution and offering a glimpse into a long-lost era.

Amidst shifting sand dunes, paleontologists have uncovered numerous fossilized remains, including a nearly intact 65-foot (20-meter) skeleton of a whale with legs. This finding challenges previous notions about whale evolution, illustrating a transitional phase where ancestors of modern whales were beginning to adapt to aquatic life while still retaining terrestrial features.

These discoveries not only enhance our understanding of whale evolution but also provide insights into the ancient ecosystems of the region. The findings suggest that the Sahara was once a vastly different landscape, teeming with diverse life forms and thriving marine environments.

As researchers continue to study these fossils, they are piecing together the story of how land mammals transitioned into the magnificent marine animals we recognize today. This groundbreaking research is not only reshaping our understanding of paleontology but also offering valuable knowledge about the evolutionary processes that shape life on Earth.

Ancient History

Crisbecq Battery

 A before and after of the command bunker at Crisbecq Battery, located a few miles inland behind Utah Beach in Normandy, France. In the original photo, taken in 1944 shortly after D-Day, we can see a huge crater in front of the bunker's observation slit. It is deep enough to reveal the foundations, yet the front of the bunker is relatively unscathed.

This complex, and in particular this bunker, is significant, as it was from this room that the first Allied invasion was first spotted. This moment was recreated in The Longest Day, although the command bunker at Longues-sur-Mer was used in the movie instead.

The battery had three modern 210 mm guns with a range of almost 20 miles. This bunker served as the eyes, ears, and brain for the guns. It has ten rooms on four levels (two of which are underground), and is an unusual non-standard type. For example, some rooms inside are tiled. It had gas-tight compartments and was defended by machine guns and even an anti-aircraft gun.

This bunker communicated with the gun emplacements via cables that were armoured and buried underground. It also had a direct line to Cherbourg. None of these lines were severed despite the ferocious bombings. This site was also visited multiple times by Rommel.

Crisbecq Battery was bombed in the months prior to D-Day and again during the landings, but was not put out of action. It even became the only coastal battery to sink an Allied ship on D-Day (USS Corry). It was first attacked by foot soldiers at 1:30 am on D-Day, but managed to hold out for 6 more days, finally being put out of action by combined bombings, naval shelling and ground assaults.

Ancient History

Gilgamesh

 The recent discovery of what is believed to be the epic tomb of the legendary figure Gilgamesh, located beneath the Euphrates River, has sent shockwaves through the fields of archaeology and ancient history. This monumental find not only offers an unprecedented glimpse into one of the most celebrated figures of ancient Mesopotamian mythology but also has profound implications for our understanding of early civilization.

Discovery Overview

1. Location and Context: The tomb was uncovered beneath the Euphrates River, a significant waterway that has historically been central to the development of Mesopotamian civilization. The Euphrates, alongside the Tigris, formed the cradle of civilization, nurturing agriculture, trade, and culture. The area surrounding the Euphrates has long been a site of archaeological interest, with numerous ancient artifacts and ruins previously discovered along its banks, providing a rich context for this latest find.

2. Significance of the Discovery: Identifying this tomb as belonging to Gilgamesh is monumental. Gilgamesh, a semi-mythical king of Uruk, is best known from the "Epic of Gilgamesh," one of the oldest literary works in human history. This epic recounts the king’s heroic quests, including his profound search for immortality and friendship with Enkidu, a wild man created by the gods. The epic provides valuable insights into ancient Sumerian beliefs, society, and the human condition, making the discovery of his tomb a critical moment in understanding the narrative and its historical roots.

Archaeological Implications

1. Historical Context: Gilgamesh is often believed to have ruled during the early dynastic period of Sumer, around 2700-2500 BCE. His tomb's discovery could provide essential insights into the historical accuracy of the "Epic of Gilgamesh" and the material culture of his time. It may help scholars better understand the interplay between myth and reality in ancient narratives. The tomb could reveal new information about funerary practices and burial customs of the period, shedding light on the rituals and beliefs surrounding death and the afterlife in ancient Mesopotamia, including the significance of royal burials.

2. Artifacts and Findings: Preliminary reports suggest that the tomb contains a wealth of artifacts, including inscriptions, ceremonial items, and possibly even the remains of Gilgamesh himself. These artifacts could provide direct evidence of the king's reign, his status, and his relationship with the gods and the afterlife. The inscriptions found within the tomb may offer new translations or interpretations of ancient Sumerian texts, potentially rewriting aspects of Mesopotamian history and mythology. If the tomb includes items indicative of Gilgamesh's legendary quests or divine connections, it could deepen our understanding of how he was perceived in his own time.

3. Cultural and Symbolic Significance: The discovery of Gilgamesh's tomb taps into the broader cultural and symbolic significance of this legendary figure. As a hero in Mesopotamian mythology, his tomb is key to understanding ancient perspectives on heroism, divinity, and kingship. The location of the tomb under the Euphrates River adds a layer of intrigue, symbolizing the intersection of natural and mythological landscapes central to the "Epic of Gilgamesh." The river itself, a lifeblood for ancient Mesopotamians, may have played a role in the narrative of life, death, and rebirth that the epic explores.

Unsolved Mysteries and Future Research

1. Unresolved Questions: While the discovery is groundbreaking, many questions remain regarding the tomb's authenticity and the exact identity of its occupants. Further analysis and dating will be crucial in confirming whether the tomb genuinely belongs to Gilgamesh or represents a later period or a different individual altogether. Additionally, researchers must investigate the condition of the artifacts and the structural integrity of the tomb to determine how best to preserve these finds.

2. Ongoing Excavations: The excavation process will involve careful documentation and preservation of the findings. Archaeologists will work to uncover and interpret the remaining elements of the tomb, including any additional chambers or artifacts that may offer further clues about its origin and purpose. Collaborative efforts between international teams and local archaeologists will be essential to ensure that the excavation respects both scientific rigor and cultural sensitivity.

3. Impact on Archaeology and History: This discovery has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of ancient Mesopotamian history and mythology. It may lead to new interpretations of historical events, religious practices, and cultural norms of the time. As researchers analyze the findings, they may uncover new narratives that challenge or enrich our current understanding of the past, thereby reshaping historical scholarship.

Broader Implications

1. Public and Academic Interest: The discovery has garnered widespread attention from both the public and the academic community. It is expected to generate significant interest in ancient Mesopotamian culture and history, potentially leading to new educational initiatives, public exhibitions, and increased funding for archaeological research. The excitement surrounding the find highlights the ongoing fascination with ancient civilizations and their legacies, reinforcing the importance of archaeological research in uncovering and preserving historical knowledge.

2. Cultural Heritage and Preservation: The discovery underscores the importance of protecting and preserving cultural heritage sites. Efforts will be made to ensure that the tomb and its contents are properly conserved and studied, balancing scientific research with respect for the historical and cultural significance of the site. The involvement of local communities in these efforts is crucial, as they hold a deep connection to their ancestral heritage.

In summary, the reported discovery of Gilgamesh's tomb under the Euphrates River represents a significant breakthrough in archaeology and ancient history. As researchers continue to investigate and analyze the site, this find promises to offer profound insights into the life and legacy of one of history's most legendary figures, reshaping our understanding of ancient Mesopotamian culture and mythology. This moment stands as a reminder of the stories yet to be uncovered and the knowledge still to be gained from our shared human past.

Ancient History 

Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος, γνωστός ως Ελ Γκρέκο (El Greco)

 

Σαν σήμερα,1 Οκτωβρίου 1541 ,γεννήθηκε ο μεγαλύτερος Έλληνας ζωγράφος, και ένας από τους σημαντικότερους παγκοσμίως καλλιτέχνες, ο Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος, γνωστός ως Ελ Γκρέκο (El Greco).

Γεννήθηκε στον βενετοκρατούμενο Χάνδακα, το σημερινό Ηράκλειο Κρήτης, από γονείς ορθόδοξους και εύπορους. Πλάι στη ζωγραφική σπούδασε και τα κλασικά γράμματα. Στον Χάνδακα ζωγράφισε εικόνες στο ύφος της μεταβυζαντινής Κρητικής Σχολής, όπου συνδυάζονται και επιρροές από την ιταλική Αναγέννηση. Το 1567 έφυγε από τον Χάνδακα για τη Βενετία, όπου μαθήτευσε δίπλα στον μεγάλο Βενετό ζωγράφο Τιτσιάνο και εξοικειώθηκε με την τέχνη της βενετσιάνικης σχολής της Αναγέννησης, η οποία χαρακτηρίζεται από το πλούσιο χρώμα. Από το 1570 έως το 1577 βρίσκεται στη Ρώμη. Φιλοξενείται στο ανάκτορο του καρδινάλιου Αλέξανδρου Φαρνέζε και γνωρίζεται με πολλούς διανοούμενους. Το 1572 εγγράφεται στην Ακαδημία του Ευαγγελιστή Λουκά. Ζωγραφίζει πίνακες, όπου το πλούσιο βενετσιάνικο χρώμα συνδυάζεται με τις ψηλόλιγνες δυναμικές μορφές των Ρωμαίων μανιεριστών. Το 1577 ο Γκρέκο φεύγει για την Ισπανία, όπου μεταβαίνουν πολλοί Ιταλοί καλλιτέχνες για να εργαστούν στη διακόσμηση του ανακτόρου του Εσκοριάλ. Η παράξενη τέχνη του δεν αρέσει στο βασιλιά της Ισπανίας Φίλιππο Β΄. Ο Γκρέκο εγκαθίσταται οριστικά στο Τολέδο παλιά αυτοκρατορική πρωτεύουσα της Ισπανίας– που εξακολουθούσε να είναι η θρησκευτική πρωτεύουσα της χώρας. Εκεί ο υπερήφανος Κρητικός αναλαμβάνει μεγάλες παραγγελίες και ζωγραφίζει πολλά και θαυμαστά έργα, όπως το Εσπόλιο, η Ταφή του Κόμητα Οργκάθ κ.ά.

Μακριά από τις επιδράσεις των Ιταλών και από το θόρυβο της Αυλής, ανακαλύπτει τον βαθύτερο εαυτό του και δημιουργεί μια τέχνη με υψηλή πνευματικότητα, όπου Βυζάντιο, Αναγέννηση και Μανιερισμός συγχωνεύονται σε ένα ολότελα πρωτότυπο και μοναδικό ύφος.

Πέθανε το 1614 στο Τολέδο, χωρίς να ξαναγυρίσει στην πατρίδα του. Τα έργα του υπέγραφε πάντοτε ελληνικά με βυζαντινούς χαρακτήρες: «Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος ο Κρης εποίει».

Πίνακας: Η συναυλία των Αγγέλων, π. 1608-1614

Εκτίθεται, Εθνική Πινακοθήκη, Άλσος Ελληνικού Στρατου, Γουδή

Ο Κλόουν  

Τραγούδια του διεθνούς φήμης συνθέτη Παναγιώτη Καρούσου στο Ζάππειο Μέγαρο

 

SYMPOSIO - 9 ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΥ 2024 - ΖΑΠΠΕΙΟ ΜΕΓΑΡΟ

Ο Όμιλος για την UNESCO Πειραιώς & Νήσων και ο Διεθνής Οργανισμός INTERNATIONAL ACTION ART σας καλούν στην πολιτιστική εκδήλωση «SYMPOSIO» στο Ζάππειο Μέγαρο, Τετάρτη 9 Οκτωβρίου 2024, ώρα 7:30 μμ. Ελεύθερη είσοδος

Θα ερμηνευτούν τραγούδια του διεθνούς φήμης συνθέτη Παναγιώτη Καρούσου

Παρθενών (Κωστής Παλαμάς),
Καρυάτιδες (Ιωάννης Πολέμης),
Kόρη των Αθηνών (Λόρδος Βύρων)

Συμμετέχουν: Ρέα Βουδούρη (σοπράνο), Γιώργος Κεραμιδάρης (τενόρος), Γιάννης Δάρρειος (τενόρος), Γιάννος Κοτζιάς (τενόρος), Φωτεινή Παπαχρήστου (άλτο), Νίκη Ζαχαροπούλου (άλτο). Πιάνο: Χριστιάνα Μάνου

Ο διεθνους φήμης Ελληνοκαναδός μουσικοσυνθέτης Παναγιώτης Καρούσος, γνωστός από τις όπερες του (Προμηθέας Δεσμώτης, Ολυμπιακή Φλόγα, Μέγας Αλέξανδρος), το Ορατόριο: «Το Τραγούδι των Εθνών», κ.α., είναι ένας συνθέτης αναγεννησιακού τύπου και η μουσική του έχει ως επίκεντρο τον άνθρωπο.

Χαιρετισμός: Ιωάννης Μαρωνίτης, πρόεδρος του Ομίλου για την UNESCO Πειραιώς & Νήσων και Γενικός Πρόεδρος στον Διεθνή Οργανισμό INTERNATIONAL ACTION ART

ΚΥΝΟΣΑΡΓΕΣ

 ΚΥΝΟΣΑΡΓΕΣ. Περιοχή στα ΝΔ της Αθήνας έξω από τις Διόμειες Πύλες του Θεμιστόκλειου τείχους, κοντά στο Ολυμπείο στη νότια κοίτη του Ιλισσού. Έδωσε το όνομα της σε ένα από τα μεγαλύτερα γυμνάσια της Αθήνας, που από τον (5ο αιών.) είχε οικοδομηθεί στη θέση αυτή. Στο γυμνάσιο αυτό ήταν υποχρεωμένοι να φοιτούν νέοι, που δεν είχαν και τους δυο γονείς τους γνήσιους Αθηναίους. Εδώ γυμναζόταν ο Θεμιστοκλής, γιατί η μητέρα του ήταν από τη Θράκη (Θε. Πλουτάρχου ΙΙ). Ώς την εποχή του τηρούσαν αυστηρά τη διάκριση αυτή. Αυτός όμως κατάφερε να παρασύρει μαζί του μερικούς ευγενείς νέους, να γυμνάζονται στο Κυνόσαργες και έτσι σιωπηρά καταργήθηκε η διάκριση αυτή. Στο Κυνόσαργες δίδασκε ο φιλόσοφος Αντισθένης, που η σχολή του ονομάστηκε <<Κυνική>> από το όνομα του γυμνασίου (Διογ. Λαέρτιος 6,13). Στην ίδια περιοχή υπήρχε Ιερό του Ηρακλή που ιδρυτής του ήταν ο Διόμιος, γιός του Κολλυτού από το δήμο της Μελίτης και στενός φίλος του Ηρακλή. Όταν ο Ηρακλής κατατάχτηκε μεταξύ των Θεών, ο Διόμιος ετοίμασε θυσία για αυτόν. Μιά άσπρη σκύλα, όμως άρπαξε το σφάγιο από τον βωμό και το απέθεσε στη θέση αυτή, που ονομάστηκε Κυνόσαργες από το Κύων και το αργός (λευκός). Έτσι ιδρύθηκε νέος βωμός και Ιερό του Ηρακλή και πρός τιμήν του το γυμνάσιο. Στην περιοχή αυτή το 1896 η Βρετανική σχολή, σε ανασκαφές αποκάλυψε ταφές αρχαικές, ένα κτίσμα κλασικό, μια παλαίστρα, καθώς και ένα ρωμαικό κτίριο που ταυτίστηκε με το γυμνάσιο του Αδριανού. Επίσης πολλές επιγραφές που δίνουν τοπογραφικές πληροφορίες για τη θέση του γυμνασίου βρέθηκαν στην περιοχή αυτή.

ΜΟΥΣΑ